APA SIH PERBEDAAN SIFAT AR-RAHMAN DAN AR-RAHIM ALLAH SWT?

Jika kita melihat terjemah Al-Qur’an pada awal surat atau khususnya di ummul-Qur’an (Surat Al-Fatihah), pada ayat pertama kita akan mendapati Basmalah. Nah kalau kita membaca makna dari Basmalah itu secara teliti kita akan menemukan makna dari lafadz Ar-Rahman dan Ar-Rahim, makna dari keduanya adalah yang maha pengasih dan maha penyayang.

Apa sih perbedaan maha pengasih dan maha penyayang? Secara harfiyah keduanya memang sama tapi dalam segi af’al keduanya memang ada perbedaan yang sangat signifikan. Mari kita telaah hal ini dengan ilmu nahwu sharaf atau ilmu tentang gramatikal bahasa Arab.

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ

          Makna dari الرَّحْمَنِ adalah yang maha pengasih sedangkan makna dari الرَّحِيمِ adalah yang maha penyayang. Sebenarnya Allah SWT mempunya perbadaan dalam sifatnya itu, jika Allah SWT mempunyai sifat الرَّحْمَنِ maka Allah SWT adalah maha pengasih, dalam tanda kutip Dia mengasihi seluruh makhluk ciptaanya dalam dunia dan akhirat, dengan kata lain manusia baik itu Islam atau kafir, hewan-hewan serta tumbuh-tumbuhan. Sedengkan jika Allah bersifat الرَّحِيمِ maka Allah SWT adalah maha penyayang, tapi dalam tanda kutip Dia hanya mengasihi seluruh umat Islam dan hanya pada saat di akhirat nanti.

            Kita ambil sebuah contoh, dalam hidup ini banyak sekali orang-orang kafir yang memang sukses dan kaya akan tetapi kita tidak bisa menganggap kalau Allah SWT tidak adil, Allah SWT adalah dzat yang maha adil. Kenapa seperti itu? Jawabannya karena Allah SWT mempunyai sifat الرَّحْمَنِ sehingga Allah SWT mengasihi orang-orang kafir yang memang sukses dan kaya itu karena mereka juga memang makhluk Allah SWT akan tetapi hal ini hanya berlaku di dunia. Sebaliknya, Allah SWT hanya menyayangi umat Islam disaat mereka berada dalam kesusahan waktu di akhirat kerena Allah SWT mempunyai sifat الرَّحِيمِ.

            Setidaknya seperti diatas kalau kita kaji makna dari kedua sifat itu, memang secara global keduanya mempunyai makna yang bisa dibilang sama tapi keduanya memang mempunyai makna yang jauh berbeda dalam kenyataannya. Wallahu A’lam.

TAUKAH ANDA MAKNA SPESIFIK DARI LAFADZ ALHAMDULILLAH?

Lafadz الْحَمْدُ  dalam lafadz الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ khususnya dalam awal surat Al-Qur’an mempunyai makna yang sangat umum. Setidaknya ada beberapa makna yang spesifik untuk menafsirkan lafadz itu. Lafadz الْحَمْدُ  mempunyai empat makna yang memang terkaji dalam ilmu nahwu dan sharaf.

Yang pertama, lafadz الْحَمْدُ  yang berari pujian, atau biasa diartikan dengan kalimat segala puji ditafsirkan dengan pujian dari Allah SWT kepada dirinya sendiri atau Allah SWT kepada Allah SWT sendiri.

Yang kedua, lafadz الْحَمْدُ  yang berari pujian, atau biasa diartikan dengan kalimat segala puji ditafsirkan dengan pujian dari Allah SWT kepada makhluk atau Allah SWT kepada seluruh makhluk-Nya.

Yang ketiga, lafadz الْحَمْدُ  yang berari pujian, atau biasa diartikan dengan kalimat segala puji ditafsirkan dengan pujian dari makhluk kepada Allah SWT atau seluruh makhluk-Nya kepada Allah SWT.

Dan yang keempat, lafadz الْحَمْدُ  yang berari pujian, atau biasa diartikan dengan kalimat segala puji ditafsirkan dengan pujian dari makhluk kepada makhluk atau seluruh makhluk-Nya kepada makhluk yang lain

Setidaknya itulah makna dari lafadz الْحَمْدُ  yang bisa ditafsirkan secara rinci. Dari Allah SWT untuk Allah, dari Allah SWT untuk makhluk-Nya, dari makhluk untuk Allah SWT dan yang terakhir dari makhluk untuk makhluk lain. Wallahu A’lam.

JAVANESE IS VERY RICH LANGUAGE THAN THE OTHER LANGUAGE?

Ternyata di Inggris ada instansi yang menjunjung tinggi bahasa jawa, sebenarnya ini bisa dijadikan sebuah batu loncatan bagi Indonesia untuk mempromosikan Negara kita ini. School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) London, menetapkan bahasa Jawa sebagai bahasa wajib dipelajari mahasiswanya.

Karena berdasarkan Summer Institute for Linguistics (SIL) Ethnologue Survey 2011, penutur bahasa Jawa di dunia ternyata berjumlah 77,75 juta orang, lebih banyak daripada penutur bahasa Korea yang sebanyak 76,5 juta orang maupun bahasa Perancis yang hanya sebanyak 76 juta orang.

Kemudian berdasarkan penelitian, penggunaan bahasa Jawa lebih efektif dan efesien dibandingkan bahasa Inggris sekalipun, setidaknya dalam 29 contoh berikut:

1.      Walk slowly on the edge (side) of the road = Mlipir.

2.      Fall backward and then hit own head = Nggeblak.

3.      Got hit by a truck that is moving backward = Kunduran trek.

4.      Talk too much about unimportant thing = Cangkeman.

5.      Smearing one's body with hot ointment or liquid and then massaging it = Mblonyo.

6.      Going without notice / permission = Mlethas.

7.      Taking the longer way to get to the destination = Ngalang.

8.      Riding an old bicycle = Ngonthel.

9.      Falling / tripping forward (and may hit own face) = Kejlungup.

10.  Side effect after circumcision = Gendhelen.

11.  Hot pyroclastic cloud rolling down a volcano = Wedhus Gembel.

12.  A small, sharp thing embedded inside one's skin = Susuben/ Ketlusupen.

13.  Spending a lot of time doing nothing = Mbathang.

14.  Feeling uncomfortable because there is something that smells bad = Kambon.

15.  Things getting out from a container accidentally because of gravity = Mbrojol.

16.  Get hit by thing collapsing on top of one's head/ body = Kambrukan.

17.  Drinking straight from the bottle without using glass, where whole bottle tip gets into the mouth = Ngokop.

18.  Cannot open eyes because something is shining very bright = Blereng.

19.  Cannot hold bowel movement = Ngebrok.

20.  Something coming out from one's rear end little by little = Keceret / Kecirit.

21.  Hanging on tightly to something in order to be inert = Gondhelan.

22.  Falling/ tripping accidentally because of a hole = Kejeglong.

23.  Doing something without thinking about the consequences = Cenanangan.

24.  Being overly active carelessly = Pecicilan.

25.  Feeling unwell because of cold temperature = Katisen.

26.  Making too much noise, disturbing other people = Mbribeni / Mblebeki.

27.  Tripping over accidentally caused by wires, cloths, gowns etc. = Kesrimpet.

28.  Being alone (or with a companion) in the corner of a place / room doing something suspicious = Mojok.

29.  Pretend to be homeless, no money and never take shower = Nggembel.

Itulah beberapa contoh dari bahsa Jawa yang dipelajari disana yang begitu lebih efektif dan efesien dibandingkan dengan bahasa lain yang disisi lain bahasa jawa mempunyai sangan banyak kosa kata yang ditak ada didalam bahasa lain.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION "YOU" IN INDONESIAN

ABSTRACT

This writing contains the second pronoun and kinship terms that are used as the form of address in Indonesian as a substitute for "you" in English. Therefore, it also provides classification and description of  the second pronoun  and kinship terms are used as form of address.

Therefore, it is expected to be used as reference by teachers and learners both inside and outside of the country about the second pronoun and kinship terms that are used as a form of address in Indonesian as a substitute for "you" in English.

Keywords: second pronoun, address, classification, description, kinship terms

INTRODUCTION

            The thing that becomes the background is English has only the second point of view, it  whereas Indonesian has more address shape of you, including the use of kinship terms such as bapak, ibu, paman, bibi, kakak, adik instead of you. On the other hand, Indonesian-English dictionary or the otherwise that become the reference for foreign people in learning Indonesian does not give the clear explanation, so that it bring down of the explanation for foreign people about the second pronoun. John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily (1990:659) in Indonesian-English Dictionary, which is used as a dictionary reference by most people, describes you as "you / yuw / kb. kamu, engkau, anda, saudara, kau". Of course the explanation is far from enough because in daily conversation there are more shapes of you in Indonesian because the use of kinship terms in addition to enrichment of the local dialect that using of it more and more extend as mas  and mbak or abang, etc.

            However if it is studied, Indonesian would be more interesting because Indonesian has various address forms that closely associated with the intimacy with the interlocutor and the difference of the person's status in the organization, social class, age, and gender.

DISCUSSION

A.                Politeness

            With the selection of address, we can see our feeling about others in solidarity, power, the distance, respect, intimacy, etc and our awareness about custom or custom that prevailing in society. Such awareness is reflected in the politeness form in a general manner in the selection of the suitable words form.

            Goffman in Wardaugh (1998:272) described the politeness as a face in the society. Face can deciphrable as the public self-image that every member wants to claim for Himself. Brown and Levinson define politeness as positive face and negative face. Positive face defined as a desire to gain the respect of society, whereas negative face is the desire to be unimpeded by others in ones actions (people's desire not to be hindered in their actions by the others people). Positive face looking for solidarity but negative face is the desire to do without hurted their feelings by the others people. According to Wardaugh (1998:272), in interaction with others we need to be aware of both face and therefore we can determine the choice of the two types of politeness. Positive politeness directs to the encouragement to achieve solidarity through bidding to use the flattery words, and using the informal language whereas negative politeness reflected in apology expression, respect, indirectly address (indirectness), and using formal language.

            The example that easy to see is when a teacher greets his student with Kamu and the teacher greeted by his student with Bapak.

            Research about the second pronouns in Indonesian is also based on the theory about positive and negative politeness. One example of indirectness in negative politeness is the use of kinship terms as Bapak, Ibu, Romo, etc. to replace kamu, and likewise with the different uses of address forms such as : Kamu, Anda, Engkau, Dikau, as a reflection of the inequality forms and formality.

B.                 Directly translated form from you

            There are five forms of the second pronouns in Indonesian that is direct translation from the English second pronouns “you”.

Kamu

In the gender side, kamu is neutral whereas in plurality side, kamu can be plural and singular forms and kamu is a direct translation from you. In formality, kamu as a formal form and it used to greet people who are younger and the age.

Anda

In the gender side, anda is neutral whereas in plurality side, anda is the singular form and anda is a direct translation from you. In formality, anda as a form of formal and polite form and anda usually used for the age of people and the older people.

Engkau

In the gender side, engkau is neutral whereas in plurality side, engkau is the singular form and engkau is a direct translation from you. In formality, engkau as a form of formal and the usual form and engkau used for the age and the younger people.

Dikau

In the gender side, dikau is neutral whereas in plurality and singular form, dikau is a direct translation from you. In formality, dikau as a formal form and the usual form and dikau used for the age and the younger people.

Kalian

In the gender side, kalian is neutral whereas in plurality, kalian has a plural form the plural form and kalian is a direct translation from you. In formality, kalian as the informal form and the usual form and kalian used for the age and the younger people.

C.                Kinship terms as a form of Indirect Translation from you

            In addition to the second pronoun as a direct translation from you. here are the address words which are taken from the kinship terms.

Abang

Abang is a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you that its form is single. Abang used to greet older men or older brother in formal form and it is politely.

Saudara

Saudara is is a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you that its form is single. Saudara used to greet equal or older men in formal form and it is politely.

Om

Om is is a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you that its form is single. Om used to greet uncle or older men in informal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Papi

Papi is a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you that its form is single (singular).  Papi which means father in an informal form used to greet the older men and it is politely and not equivalent.

Mas

Mas is a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you that its form is single (singular). Mas which means older brother in Java language used to greet older brother or older men in informal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Bapak

Bapak is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you that its form is single (singular). Bapak means father, it is used to greet the older men in formal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Tuan

Tuan is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you that its form is single (singular). Tuan means Bapak / Saudara and it is used to greet the older people in formal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Kakak

Kakak is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you that its form is single (singular). Kakak means Mas/Mbak, it is used to greet the older people in formal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Paman

Paman is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you (singular). Paman means Om used to greet the brother of father or old men in formal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Ibu

Ibu is a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you (singular). Ibu is used to greet the old women or women who are older or who have a higher position in formal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Tante

Tante is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you (singular). Tante means bibi is used to greet the sister of the parents or older women in informal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Adik

Adik is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you (singular). The dimension of adik is neutral and it is used to greet younger men/women in formal situations and it is politely.

Nona

Nona is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you (singular). Nona means saudara use to greet the younger women (unmarried) in formal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Saudari

Saudari is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you (singular). Saudari is used to greet older women in formal situations and it is politely.

Nyonya

Nyonya is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you (singular). Nyonya means mother is used to greet older women in formal situations about the employer and it is politely and not equivalent.

Bibi

Bibi is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you (singular). Bibi means tante is used to greet the sister of the father/mother or an older woman in formal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Mbak

Mbak is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you (singular). Mbak  is used to greet a sister or an older woman in informal situations and it is politely and not equivalent. Mbak comes from the Javanese.

Mami

Mami is a kinship a kinship term which is an indirect translation form of you (singular). Mami means mother is used to greet the old women in informal situations and it is politely and not equivalent.

Name

Name is used as an indirect translation form of you (singular). and it is used to greet men and women in informal situations and it is politely and equivalent.

D.                The Power Dimension and Solidarity in Indonesian

            In Indonesian society, there is a difference in social strata and there is also power dimension and solidarity reflected in using the second pronoun. When there is power dimension that is when the character or social status of the speaker and his interlocutor is asymmetrical or equivalent, they tend to use the address word (second pronoun or kinship terms) that is non-reciprocal (don’t use the same address word). For example, a father will call her son and daughter with Alex or Siska (just name) and the father greeted by his father with Bapak. Conversely when there is a dimension of solidarity that is, when the position or status of the speaker and his interlocutor is symetrical or equivalent, they use the reciprocal of address form (greet each other by using the same word address form).

CONCLUSION

            With the selection of politeness word forms, we can see our feeling about others in solidarity, power, the distance, respect, intimacy, etc and our awareness about custom or custom that prevailing in society. Such awareness is reflected in the politeness form in a general manner in the selection of the suitable words form.

            In Indonesian, there are five forms of the second pronouns that is direct translation from the English second pronouns “you”. They are Kamu, Anda, Engkau, Dikau and Kalian. In addition to the second pronoun as a direct translation from you. here are the address words which are taken from the kinship terms. For examples: Abang, Saudara, Om, Papi, Mas, Bapak, Tuan, Kakak, Paman, Ibu, Tante, Adik, Nona, Saudari, Nyonya, Bibi, Mbak, Mami and with Name.